"The publication of the Cultural Formulation Outline in the DSM-IV represented a significant event in the history of standard diagnostic systems. It was the first systematic attempt at placing cultural and contextual factors as an integral component of the diagnostic process. The year was 1994 and its coming was ripe since the multicultural explosion due to migration, refugees and globalization impact on the ethnic composition of the U.S ..."
"In the traditional interpretation, shenjing shuairuo results when bodily channels (
jing) conveying vital forces (shen) become dysregulated as a result of various
social and interpersonal stressors, such as the inability to change a chronically
frustrating and distressing situation (Lee 1994; Lin 1989). Various psychiatric ...
Ann Intern Med 121(12):953–959, 1994 Kleinman A: Social Origins of Distress
and Disease: Depression, Neuras ..."